The Enduring Enterprise Pt. 1, with Devin DeCiantis and Ivan Lansberg
Devin DeCiantis and Ivan Lansberg, the Managing Partner and co-founder respectively of Lansberg Gersick Advisors, run down their new book, THE ENDURING ENTERPRISE: How Family Businesses Thrive in Turbulent Conditions, including info on why family businesses are more resilient than others, managing risk, balancing identity and change, managing continuity vs growth, and why stability is a double-edged sword.
Transcript
Welcome to Let's Talk Legacy. I'm your host, Gary
Gary Michels:Michels and I am excited today about our show and the guests
Gary Michels:that we have for you. Ivan Lansberg is the co founder of
Gary Michels:Landsberg Gersick Advisors, and Devin DeCiantis is the Managing
Gary Michels:Partner. LGA serves as a trusted advisory and education partner
Gary Michels:to the world's leading family enterprises, and they've
Gary Michels:recently released the book The Enduring Enterprise, How Family
Gary Michels:Businesses Thrive in Turbulent Conditions. Welcome to the show,
Gary Michels:you guys.
Devin DeCiantis:Thanks so much for having us, Gary.
Gary Michels:So can you each give us a little bit of a
Gary Michels:rundown on your backgrounds and also on the work that you do at
Gary Michels:Lansberg Gersick Advisors?
Devin DeCiantis:Sure, I'll dive in first. I've been fascinated
Devin DeCiantis:by this topic of family business ever since I met Ivan nearly 20
Devin DeCiantis:years ago, and he introduced me to this new species of private
Devin DeCiantis:enterprise that nobody ever taught me about business school,
Devin DeCiantis:but that I have since come to understand is the dominant form
Devin DeCiantis:of capitalism around the world, which has been a terrific
Devin DeCiantis:journey for me. And I was instantly inspired by their
Devin DeCiantis:longer term planning horizons, their deep commitment to
Devin DeCiantis:stakeholders and communities, their strong emphasis on family
Devin DeCiantis:values and organizational culture, and as a reformed
Devin DeCiantis:investment banker, I was also really impressed by how they
Devin DeCiantis:tend to outperform non family businesses over the longer run
Devin DeCiantis:and over the years of our work together, advising enterprising
Devin DeCiantis:families around the world, along with our team, our travels have
Devin DeCiantis:taken us to some of the most affluent and stable countries,
Devin DeCiantis:like the US, of course, but also some truly exotic and volatile
Devin DeCiantis:places. And in recent years, we've actually turned our
Devin DeCiantis:academic lens to studying some of those differences, the
Devin DeCiantis:differences between these contexts, and quickly discovered
Devin DeCiantis:that at Frontier family firms take a very different approach
Devin DeCiantis:to managing risk given their long history of navigating these
Devin DeCiantis:kinds of moments of uncertainty, and as a result, they tend to
Devin DeCiantis:prioritize a different set of strategic objectives, for
Devin DeCiantis:instance, resilience rather than growth, which is the opposite of
Devin DeCiantis:what often gets taught in most western business schools and
Devin DeCiantis:gets practiced in most western boardrooms and and that's the
Devin DeCiantis:counterintuitive notion that became the foundation for this
Devin DeCiantis:book and for subsequent research, and which we're
Devin DeCiantis:excited to talk to you about here today.
Ivan Lansberg:So for me, the topic is very personal. I grew
Ivan Lansberg:up in Venezuela. I'm the son of an entrepreneur, and witness up
Ivan Lansberg:close the difficulties of not just building an enterprise, but
Ivan Lansberg:actually transferring an enterprise from one generation
Ivan Lansberg:to the next in a context that's sort of falling apart. So I went
Ivan Lansberg:to graduate school here. I My first job was at the Yale School
Ivan Lansberg:of Management, and when I got to Yale, I began to get interested
Ivan Lansberg:in basically two questions. You know? Why, if succession
Ivan Lansberg:planning, for example, or continuity planning, as we call
Ivan Lansberg:it, is so obvious, why is that so few people do it? And the
Ivan Lansberg:second question really had to do with what can be done? You know,
Ivan Lansberg:what can we how can we mobilize the internal resources of an
Ivan Lansberg:enterprise and of a family to be able to get them to do the, you
Ivan Lansberg:know, take the steps they need to take in order to continue the
Ivan Lansberg:enterprise that they work so hard to build.
Gary Michels:I think it's interesting this topic. How did
Gary Michels:the two of you guys start working together and start
Gary Michels:collaborating? I'm curious.
Devin DeCiantis:There's actually a family story there
Devin DeCiantis:too, Gary, and it's this concept of families of choice, so to
Devin DeCiantis:speak, the familial networks that end up combining and
Devin DeCiantis:uniting disparate tribes into this fabric of of trust. I went
Devin DeCiantis:to grad school with Yvonne son. In fact, we're roommates, and so
Devin DeCiantis:for many years, would spend American Thanksgiving with Ivan
Devin DeCiantis:and his family as a Canadian, didn't have much to do that
Devin DeCiantis:weekend, and began to embrace that tradition as a byproduct of
Devin DeCiantis:socializing with with Dan and Ivan and their wonderful family.
Devin DeCiantis:And it wasn't until years later, over casual conversations, that
Devin DeCiantis:we first began to explore the possibility of training some
Devin DeCiantis:some of my consultative interests, training that lens in
Devin DeCiantis:the world of family enterprise, and I couldn't have asked for a
Devin DeCiantis:better friend and mentor and partner in that journey.
Ivan Lansberg:Yeah, no. I mean, I think we also share an
Ivan Lansberg:interest in economic development. Devin comes from a
Ivan Lansberg:sort of blended Lebanese and Italian background, and in my
Ivan Lansberg:case, my father was Dutch. That's why my name is not
Ivan Lansberg:particularly Latin sounding. So it was a joy to collaborate with
Ivan Lansberg:Devin and find, you know, common interests around this, you know.
Ivan Lansberg:So we put Thanksgiving to good use.
Gary Michels:I love it. So I know you guys are aware that our
Gary Michels:shows about legacy, I know that's a big part of the work
Gary Michels:that you guys do, and one of the best. Examples of creating and
Gary Michels:passing on a legacy is family businesses, as we're discussing
Gary Michels:here, and you say that family businesses are actually much
Gary Michels:more resilient and enduring on a worldwide level than other types
Gary Michels:of businesses, and can withstand more turbulent conditions.
Gary Michels:Before we go into why that is, if you could lay out what some
Gary Michels:of the most common threats are that usually topple businesses
Gary Michels:and and why resilience is important.
Devin DeCiantis:Absolutely Gary, in fact, what's
Devin DeCiantis:fascinating is in family businesses and non family
Devin DeCiantis:businesses, our attention almost always immediately focuses in on
Devin DeCiantis:on business oriented risks, operational risk, security risk,
Devin DeCiantis:safety risk, reputational risk, compliant risks. But it's only
Devin DeCiantis:this sort of the second order reflections that get us to
Devin DeCiantis:thinking more about things like ineffective governance or asset
Devin DeCiantis:concentration, where, in the case of family businesses,
Devin DeCiantis:disengagement and dependence and death and divorce and a whole
Devin DeCiantis:bunch of other DS and so forth, that could very easily derail an
Devin DeCiantis:enterprising family in its quest for legacy, but which are
Devin DeCiantis:obvious if you pay enough attention to them, and which can
Devin DeCiantis:be attended to proactively.
Ivan Lansberg:Yeah, for us, the issue of continuity is really
Ivan Lansberg:quite important because it often is a key priority. Enterprising
Ivan Lansberg:families make decisions not just for themselves, but for their
Ivan Lansberg:kids and for their grandkids even. So they have a as Devon
Ivan Lansberg:suggested, a long term horizon in terms of the choices and
Ivan Lansberg:priorities that they that they make. So it is critical.
Gary Michels:Talk a little bit more about risk. It's such a
Gary Michels:powerful one word, and you just throw out there several
Gary Michels:different areas of a business where there's risk.
Devin DeCiantis:Oh, it's, it's absolutely essential for a
Devin DeCiantis:variety of reasons. One is, it's, it's a critical function
Devin DeCiantis:of any any enduring enterprise, any organization that aspires to
Devin DeCiantis:continuity, ought to attend to the things that could derail its
Devin DeCiantis:success. So the the real challenge of of managing risk is
Devin DeCiantis:essentially predicting and preempting crises, enduring them
Devin DeCiantis:effectively as quickly as one can, and bouncing back quickly,
Devin DeCiantis:and in that moment, reviewing and reflecting on what worked,
Devin DeCiantis:what went well, what didn't, so that when we bump into the next
Devin DeCiantis:risk, we have a bit of a playbook. And so in a way, you
Devin DeCiantis:can call risk management is, in a way, it's crisis prevention or
Devin DeCiantis:preparation and crisis recovery. It's the it's the thoughtful,
Devin DeCiantis:proactive, pragmatic, strategic approach to containing crises
Devin DeCiantis:which inevitably occur and and allowing an organization to
Devin DeCiantis:better metabolize those moments and escape on the other side,
Devin DeCiantis:possibly even better off than when they entered it.
Gary Michels:You're talking a lot about risk management here.
Gary Michels:Where does taking risks come into play? Because no risk, no
Gary Michels:reward. We've heard that before, right? Do you see a difference
Gary Michels:in a family run business than maybe not, a family run
Gary Michels:business, and how they take those risks?
Devin DeCiantis:It's a terrific question. In fact, what we see
Devin DeCiantis:is a distribution of risk appetite across all of humanity.
Devin DeCiantis:You know, if you were to gather any number of humans, we've done
Devin DeCiantis:this countless times in classrooms and in large group
Devin DeCiantis:settings. And you sort of, you ask, you know, on a scale of one
Devin DeCiantis:to 10, where does everybody's risk appetite play out from
Devin DeCiantis:absolutely none, never to, you know, put all the money on black
Devin DeCiantis:and roll the roulette reel, and you'll find that there's, in
Devin DeCiantis:fact, a pretty normal distribution across human beings
Devin DeCiantis:as it relates to their risk appetite. You'll find that
Devin DeCiantis:entrepreneurs tend to skew a little more toward the risk
Devin DeCiantis:seeking behavior, maybe even excessively, so, some might
Devin DeCiantis:argue, and taking on those risks, but that's part of the
Devin DeCiantis:entrepreneurial spark that that is so catalytic in in a in a
Devin DeCiantis:free market, in our modern economy, and yet that same
Devin DeCiantis:impulse can get you into trouble if you're taking on too much
Devin DeCiantis:risk, especially when you're when you're anchoring or
Devin DeCiantis:tethering The risk appetite of the organization to a single
Devin DeCiantis:individual, and not necessarily reflecting the distribution of
Devin DeCiantis:appetite and the capacity to bear that risk across the entire
Devin DeCiantis:system. And we, we talk a lot about that in the book as well.
Ivan Lansberg:Yeah and one of the things that's unique about
Ivan Lansberg:families is trying, particularly families that endure as business
Ivan Lansberg:families, is finding an optimal balance between tradition and
Ivan Lansberg:change, basically between being able to harness their identity,
Ivan Lansberg:the way they do things, their connections, their resources,
Ivan Lansberg:while at the same time being conscious that with every
Ivan Lansberg:generation, you have to innovate if you're going to stay in
Ivan Lansberg:business, right? So being able, and obviously, sometimes within
Ivan Lansberg:the same generation, given the pace of change that we're
Ivan Lansberg:experiencing, striking a balance between those two is a real
Ivan Lansberg:skill, and enduring enterprises managed to do that very well.
Ivan Lansberg:You know, families can get very caught into. You know, very
Ivan Lansberg:caught up in into what they've done, and continue to try and do
Ivan Lansberg:it forever, but that that never quite does well.
Gary Michels:So we often talk about a concept called SWOT
Gary Michels:analysis, strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threats. Do you
Gary Michels:guys see that family businesses tend to do a better job at that
Gary Michels:analyzation of that, are they more resilient than a typical
Gary Michels:business that isn't tied together by family ties?
Devin DeCiantis:We'll say that enterprising families that we've
Devin DeCiantis:met, especially the ones that we've studied, that end up
Devin DeCiantis:standing the test of time, tend to be more attuned to the
Devin DeCiantis:threats, certainly, even perhaps more so then the opportunities,
Devin DeCiantis:not that they both aren't important to your point earlier.
Devin DeCiantis:You know, without taking on risk there, there can be no reward.
Devin DeCiantis:But enterprising families that succeed over the long term tend
Devin DeCiantis:to be or let's say, prioritized managing the downside risk more
Devin DeCiantis:so than they would prioritize chasing the upside. It's one of
Devin DeCiantis:the key differentiators between family controlled companies and
Devin DeCiantis:non family controlled companies, and that manifests in their long
Devin DeCiantis:term out performance. In fact, a lot of really terrific research
Devin DeCiantis:has been conducted that has demonstrated that, you know, up
Devin DeCiantis:to a third of all long term out performance is that the
Devin DeCiantis:contribution to that out performance comes from how an
Devin DeCiantis:organization manages through crisis. Because when you're
Devin DeCiantis:managing over 25 year cycles or 50 year cycles, crises are
Devin DeCiantis:inevitable, sure, and it's how they respond in those moments
Devin DeCiantis:that actually lead to their long term out performance. They they
Devin DeCiantis:understand that this is a marathon, not a sprint, and they
Devin DeCiantis:manage their resourcing accordingly.
Ivan Lansberg:I mean, it takes a mindset of of continuity,
Ivan Lansberg:rather than of growth. That continuity, in and of itself, is
Ivan Lansberg:a worthy goal to pursue. Obviously, you need to grow if
Ivan Lansberg:you're going to be, you know, viable in the markets in which
Ivan Lansberg:you operate. But how you grow matters if you're if you're
Ivan Lansberg:making decisions like many public companies do, you know,
Ivan Lansberg:quarter by quarter. If that's your focus and all of your
Ivan Lansberg:incentives are wired to short term results, then your ability
Ivan Lansberg:to not lose sight of the long term gets compromised.
Gary Michels:Right. Well, most of our listeners are located in
Gary Michels:the United States, which you would consider United States an
Gary Michels:advanced economy, and that sounds like a good thing, but
Gary Michels:you say that can actually often mean people are less equipped to
Gary Michels:deal with the uncertainty or crisis. Can you explain that?
Devin DeCiantis:Yeah. Thank you, Gary for pointing that out.
Devin DeCiantis:It was one of the big counter intuitive insights that, for
Devin DeCiantis:that emerged from from our early work and study of this that
Devin DeCiantis:stability is, in fact, a double edged sword, while it can foster
Devin DeCiantis:prosperity and that predictability can allow you to
Devin DeCiantis:deploy capital with more confidence, it can also lead to
Devin DeCiantis:complacency and to a lack of preparedness. And advanced
Devin DeCiantis:economies, for instance, have enjoyed a period of stability
Devin DeCiantis:that has led to some immense prosperity, but in the absence
Devin DeCiantis:of any extended periods of uncertainty or crisis, they tend
Devin DeCiantis:to lack resilience. If you look back across the long, sweeping
Devin DeCiantis:arc of history, there's been a more or less 80 year period, a
Devin DeCiantis:golden age of stability, one might argue, that began after
Devin DeCiantis:the Second World War, and has led up until the last you know,
Devin DeCiantis:10 years or so, and it's only now, literally a lifetime ago,
Devin DeCiantis:that leaders are having to confront the kind of, you know,
Devin DeCiantis:sudden and unexpected regime change or shifts in policy or
Devin DeCiantis:macroeconomic conditions, inflation and so forth, that
Devin DeCiantis:have been, you know, that Haven't persisted for a
Devin DeCiantis:generation, and so we don't have the muscle memory for how to
Devin DeCiantis:deal with that. You contrast that with Frontier economies,
Devin DeCiantis:where they understand intuitively that building
Devin DeCiantis:resilience is essential for survival and success, because
Devin DeCiantis:they have to deal with this not once every 25 years, but you
Devin DeCiantis:know, once every 25 minutes.
Ivan Lansberg:Well, you're putting your finger on something
Ivan Lansberg:really important there Gary, because it's one of the
Ivan Lansberg:counterintuitive things about the book, is that advanced
Ivan Lansberg:economies in general, but businesses operating in advanced
Ivan Lansberg:economies have something to learn from the way businesses,
Ivan Lansberg:and particularly family businesses, operate in frontier
Ivan Lansberg:markets, right? You know, there's an analogy that we use,
Ivan Lansberg:that I think sort of works very well for this. There's some
Ivan Lansberg:research in biology that the closer you live to a developed
Ivan Lansberg:health system, the weaker your immune system is. It's sort of
Ivan Lansberg:the organizational analog of that very construct we begin to
Ivan Lansberg:take for granted all of the things that we have, the
Ivan Lansberg:institutional frameworks, the markets, the regulatory systems
Ivan Lansberg:that provide law and order and so forth and so on and and
Ivan Lansberg:before you know it, you you know you just assume that that's the
Ivan Lansberg:way life is. All of a sudden you get something like COVID come in
Ivan Lansberg:and. And then it turns your world upside down and and you
Ivan Lansberg:know, for for family enterprises that succeed over generations in
Ivan Lansberg:volatile environments, that's just a way of life. It's
Ivan Lansberg:chronic. It's not episodic.
Gary Michels:Right. I always ask when I have our guests on a
Gary Michels:question of the research and the work that you guys are doing,
Gary Michels:how does it impact anybody? Because there's people that are
Gary Michels:going to hop on to this podcast and they're going to go, that's
Gary Michels:really interesting about family businesses, and there's other
Gary Michels:people that are going to go, I don't have a family business. Or
Gary Michels:how does that affect me? And I wanted to ask you guys why it
Gary Michels:does matter?
Devin DeCiantis:Absolutely. Well, I mean, your podcast is
Devin DeCiantis:oriented around the concept of legacy. And so you know, if you
Devin DeCiantis:if you look to some of the longest surviving enterprises in
Devin DeCiantis:the world, that family businesses are
Devin DeCiantis:disproportionately represented in any list of those, whether
Devin DeCiantis:it's, you know, Google the world's oldest family
Devin DeCiantis:businesses, or you look up communities like Les Zeno quien,
Devin DeCiantis:which are a community the worldwide of family businesses
Devin DeCiantis:who have all been around for at least 200 years. I mean that
Devin DeCiantis:family even in the books of Jim Collins and porous A Good to
Devin DeCiantis:Great and built to last and so forth, family enterprises are
Devin DeCiantis:disproportionately represented among the samples of businesses
Devin DeCiantis:that are seen as the as the sort of the gold standard for for
Devin DeCiantis:continuity, for standing the tests of time. And that's
Devin DeCiantis:despite the fact that corporate life spans have been shrinking
Devin DeCiantis:for the better part of the last century that the in the context
Devin DeCiantis:within which all businesses taking place has become more
Devin DeCiantis:dynamic and complex and more challenging to navigate, and so
Devin DeCiantis:for for enterprising family to be able to demonstrate an
Devin DeCiantis:organizational solution that involves the transference of
Devin DeCiantis:power, of leadership, of of of control, of wealth, of culture
Devin DeCiantis:and values and so forth across generations is is truly
Devin DeCiantis:something that Non family businesses would ignore at their
Devin DeCiantis:own peril, and that family businesses can look to in the
Devin DeCiantis:case of many of the cases that we feature in the book as
Devin DeCiantis:exemplars of what what one could do and embrace within your
Devin DeCiantis:organization in order to achieve continuity, assuming, of course,
Devin DeCiantis:that's something that's that's of interest to you.
Ivan Lansberg:One other comment I would make in terms of what's
Ivan Lansberg:what's applicable, we've already rattled off a few. You know, the
Ivan Lansberg:long term view, the fact that family businesses managed to
Ivan Lansberg:bring together three constituencies that need to be
Ivan Lansberg:managed on an ongoing basis, the owners, the family itself, and
Ivan Lansberg:the managers and executives and employees that work in the
Ivan Lansberg:company, those three constituencies need to be
Ivan Lansberg:harnessed to move in a common direction, and there is a real
Ivan Lansberg:skill in managing those stakeholders in a coherent way,
Ivan Lansberg:and that's where governance come in, which we talk about
Ivan Lansberg:extensively in the book. But beyond that, family companies, I
Ivan Lansberg:think, are wonderful laboratories for learning how to
Ivan Lansberg:deal with paradoxes, you know. So you know, how do you how do
Ivan Lansberg:you deploy nepotism and excellence at the same time? How
Ivan Lansberg:do you long term at the same time, while you're managing, you
Ivan Lansberg:know, trying to be expedient and responsive to the demands of the
Ivan Lansberg:market? How do you think you know? How do you develop big
Ivan Lansberg:dreams, but yet attach them to deadlines and not hold
Ivan Lansberg:yourselves accountable to those big dreams? These are very
Ivan Lansberg:powerful ideas, and that's one of the reasons why we wanted to
Ivan Lansberg:document them and provide ample examples of families that do
Ivan Lansberg:this well. And you know, our aspiration, our conviction is
Ivan Lansberg:that these ideas are actually transferable to people who are
Ivan Lansberg:not in family businesses. Let me just make a caveat there,
Ivan Lansberg:because a lot of it single entrepreneurs are just family
Ivan Lansberg:businesses in waiting, essentially, if you succeed
Ivan Lansberg:right, and you build some wealth through your family through the
Ivan Lansberg:enterprise, you very quickly are going to bump up against the
Ivan Lansberg:issue, who do I leave things to? What do I do with it? And
Ivan Lansberg:clarifying that fundamental question of what is your purpose
Ivan Lansberg:and why are you in business together is one of the key
Ivan Lansberg:things that we find family enterprises that endure and
Ivan Lansberg:really invest some energy?
Gary Michels:Yeah, well, you include some really powerful
Gary Michels:real world examples in the book, including stories about family
Gary Michels:businesses in Peru, Korea and Syria that all found ways to
Gary Michels:flourish in times of hardship. Could you share a few of those,
Gary Michels:or even a specific company in the United States that you saw
Gary Michels:that I'm having some challenges, and with working with you guys
Gary Michels:and kind of, kind of collaborating, there was some
Gary Michels:growth there?
Devin DeCiantis:I'd love to share an American example, or a
Devin DeCiantis:series of American examples, just to provide some of the
Devin DeCiantis:context and in the US you mentioned it earlier. Gary, we
Devin DeCiantis:consider this to be, of course, not just us, but most of.
Devin DeCiantis:Economist an advanced economy, it is sophisticated, it's
Devin DeCiantis:complex. It's for the most part, post industrial and that means
Devin DeCiantis:that there are a lot of institutional stabilizers out
Devin DeCiantis:there. There are a lot of market mechanisms to provide access to
Devin DeCiantis:capital and so forth. But that wasn't always the case. You
Devin DeCiantis:know, we gotta, we don't have to look that far into history to
Devin DeCiantis:recognize that at one point, the American economy was an emerging
Devin DeCiantis:economy, and at one point before that, a frontier economy, truly
Devin DeCiantis:a frontier economy. And in all the ways that we might look to
Devin DeCiantis:Venezuela or Nigeria or Yemen or Syria and so forth today, and so
Devin DeCiantis:if you look back in the annals of American history, many of the
Devin DeCiantis:iconic family businesses that are around today were forged in
Devin DeCiantis:the crucibles of crises, as it were, you know that the Marriott
Devin DeCiantis:family enterprise was built, essentially was launched during
Devin DeCiantis:the Great Depression as a as a root beer stand, attending to
Devin DeCiantis:the needs of of the displaced during the Great Depression.
Devin DeCiantis:You've got organizations like Cargill and Mars that were
Devin DeCiantis:founded in the 18th century, during a time of tremendous
Devin DeCiantis:industrial upheaval and structural disarray, and yet
Devin DeCiantis:they are now among some of the largest businesses in the world.
Devin DeCiantis:And so, you know, in the American example, we don't have
Devin DeCiantis:as many in the book that are based in sort of the modern
Devin DeCiantis:experience of what it's like to operate in the US, because,
Devin DeCiantis:frankly, the the investments in institutional stability have
Devin DeCiantis:been made so that companies don't have to attend to all of
Devin DeCiantis:these and invest in all these risks. They can just focus on
Devin DeCiantis:the unbridled pursuit of profit. But you don't have to go back
Devin DeCiantis:all that far. In fact, you know only about 100 years or so to
Devin DeCiantis:realize that so much of of American capitalism was built in
Devin DeCiantis:these more frontier conditions, and it's part of what created a
Devin DeCiantis:lot of that early dynamism that led it to become one of the
Devin DeCiantis:leading countries in the world.
Ivan Lansberg:And today, you see, you know, the beginnings of
Ivan Lansberg:some destabilizing elements in American you know, society in
Ivan Lansberg:general, but the economy, the economy in particular, where,
Ivan Lansberg:again, part of our message through the book is to alert
Ivan Lansberg:leaders not to take those institutional stabilizers for
Ivan Lansberg:granted.